Modification can have a large range, from geometric modification, such as adding or widening lanes, to more implicit methods, such as demand management through incentives to change trip times or use transit instead. These values allow to assess the congestion level at these segments along with the remedies and modifications required to improve the traffic situation. Using these models, the traffic flow, density and speed at different segments of the highway system are estimated. The literature is rich with are a multitude of microscopic and macroscopic approaches to modeling traffic flow, with some of the most prominent, such as Greenshields and Lighthill-Whitham-Richards presented here. To assess traffic conditions and investigate possible improvements, however, a model that describes the system and can predict appearances of traffic jams is needed. The extent of activity dictates the nature of traffic flow throughout different segments of the road, from uncongested free-flow scenarios with barely any vehicles on the highway to breakdown conditions where the highway operates at very low speeds and in a stop-and-go fashion. At the highest level of road hierarchy, Houston’s road network consists of multiple Interstate freeways, ring roads and state highways, with varying levels of traffic activity. The aim of this study is to assess the vehicular network in Houston, Texas, using data provided by Française des Jeux Mathématiques and Société de Calcul Mathématique SA. In the United States alone, congestion results in an annual economic loss of 305 billion (Pyzk, 2018) with 17 cities, such as New York, Austin and Houston, having over 90 hours lost annually in congestion on average per capita (INRIX, 2018). Today, despite the advancements in infrastructure and technology, congestion remains one of the leading concerns of urban societies (Miovision, 2012). Historical literary and archaeological sources mention cases of traffic congestion within cities and harbor gates in ancient cities like Rome, Pompeii and Xanten (Tilburg, 2007). Traffic congestion, a major concern of present societies, has plagued cities around the world for millennia.
30, 2019 Congestion heatmap of the Houston highway system.
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